Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): A Guide for Patients

What is PCOS?

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder that affects individuals of reproductive age. It occurs when the ovaries produce an excess of androgens (male hormones), leading to irregular menstrual cycles, cysts on the ovaries, and symptoms like acne, excessive hair growth, and weight gain. PCOS can also impact fertility and long-term health.

Symptoms of PCOS

Irregular periods or missed menstrual cycles
Excess facial and body hair growth (hirsutism)
Acne and oily skin
Weight gain or difficulty losing weight
Thinning hair or hair loss (male-pattern baldness)
Dark patches on the skin (acanthosis nigricans)
Ovarian cysts, visible on ultrasound (though not always present)
Difficulty getting pregnant due to irregular ovulation

Causes and Risk Factors

Hormonal Imbalance: High levels of androgens disrupt normal ovulation.
Insulin Resistance: Many women with PCOS have trouble using insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels and increased risk of diabetes.
Genetics: PCOS tends to run in families.

Diagnosis

Physical exam to check for signs such as excess hair growth or acne
Blood tests to measure hormone levels, blood sugar, and cholesterol
Pelvic ultrasound to look for ovarian cysts

Treatment Options

Birth Control Pills: Regulate periods and reduce excess hair growth and acne.
Metformin: Helps improve insulin sensitivity and regulate menstrual cycles.
Weight Management: Losing even 5-10% of body weight can improve symptoms.
Diet and Exercise: A healthy diet and regular physical activity help control insulin levels and support overall health.
Fertility Treatments: If trying to conceive, medications like Clomid or letrozole can help induce ovulation.

Complications of PCOS

Infertility due to irregular ovulation
Type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance
Heart disease and high blood pressure
Endometrial cancer due to prolonged lack of ovulation
Depression and anxiety

When to See a Doctor

If you have irregular periods, excessive hair growth, acne, or difficulty getting pregnant, consult a gynecologist. Early diagnosis and treatment can help manage symptoms and reduce long-term health risks.
For more information or to schedule an appointment, contact our office today.